\(% Shared by the PDF and HTML builds. Use \newcommand for new macros. \newcommand{\F}{\mathcal{F}} \newcommand{\G}{\mathcal{G}} \newcommand{\HH}{\mathcal{H}} \newcommand{\Ocal}{\mathcal{O}} \DeclareMathOperator{\colim}{colim} \DeclareMathOperator{\Hom}{Hom} \newcommand{\HomSh}{\mathcal{H}om} \newcommand{\Sch}{\mathrm{Sch}} \newcommand{\Ring}{\mathrm{Ring}} \newcommand{\C}{\mathbb{C}} \newcommand{\A}{\mathbb{A}} \newcommand{\Proj}{\mathbb{P}} \DeclareMathOperator{\Spec}{Spec} \newcommand{\Z}{\mathbb{Z}} \newcommand{\Zp}{\mathbb{Z}_p} \newcommand{\Fp}{\mathbb{F}_p} \newcommand{\Fpn}{\mathbb{F}_{p^n}} \newcommand{\Hcts}{H_{\mathrm{cts}}} \newcommand{\Gn}{\mathbb{G}_n} \newcommand{\Mfg}{\mathcal{M}_{\mathrm{fg}}} \newcommand{\LT}{\mathrm{LT}} \newcommand{\LKn}{L_{K(n)}} \DeclareMathOperator{\holim}{holim} \DeclareMathOperator{\hocolim}{hocolim} \newcommand{\CP}{\mathbb{C}P} \DeclareMathOperator{\Sets}{\mathcal{S}ets} \DeclareMathOperator{\sSet}{s\mathcal{S}ets} \DeclareMathOperator{\Sp}{\mathcal{S}} \DeclareMathOperator{\Spc}{\mathcal{S}pc} \DeclareMathOperator{\Aff}{\mathcal{A}ff} \DeclareMathOperator{\Qcoh}{\mathcal{Q}coh} \DeclareMathOperator{\Module}{\mathcal{M}od} \DeclareMathOperator{\Ab}{\mathcal{A}b} \DeclareMathOperator{\Art}{\mathcal{A}rt} \DeclareMathOperator{\Aut}{\mathcal{A}ut} \DeclareMathOperator{\Def}{\mathrm{Def}} \DeclareMathOperator{\calZ}{\mathcal{Z}} \DeclareMathOperator{\fg}{\mathrm{fg}} \DeclareMathOperator{\fgl}{\mathrm{fgl}} \DeclareMathOperator{\hgt}{\mathrm{hgt}} \DeclareMathOperator{\flt}{\flat} \DeclareMathOperator{\nat}{\natural} \DeclareMathOperator{\shp}{\sharp} \DeclareMathOperator{\Map}{\scr{M}\mathrm{ap}} % \O and \S already mean letters/symbols in LaTeX; use \Ocal and \Sphere. % Command names cannot contain underscores: use \Zp, not \Z_p. \)

4.2 Formal group laws